Stats Chat

Maps from James Davenport

First, the world’s airport runways (go to his site for all the  details)

You can see which bits of central Australia have farms or mines. Another interesting feature is the chain of evenly-spaced runways across far northern Canada — the DEW line.

He also has a video showing locations of all the buses in Seattle, over a 24-hour period. Like Auckland, Seattle has a real-time bus location system. Unlike Auckland’s system it produces openly-accessible data.

• Cuts to official statistics funding in the UK and US result in some important numbers not being available in the future: Royal Statistical Society, The Week, Wall Street Journal

• Stephen Senn on clinical trial publishing

• Auckland Counts: local maps of NZ Census data thanks to Auckland Council RIMU. (via @kamal_hothi)

• KiwiPollGuy is back

From a mostly left-wing (ie, NZ middle-of-the-road) group of US civil-rights organisations, but at least some of it will also appeal to libertarians. If you think this sort of thing is interesting/important a good place to find more is mathbabe.org.

Technological progress should bring greater safety, economic opportunity, and convenience to everyone. And the collection of new types of data is essential for documenting persistent inequality and discrimination. At the same time, as new technologies allow companies and government to gain greater insight into our lives, it is vitally important that these technologies be designed and used in ways that respect the values of equal opportunity and equal justice. We aim to:

1. Stop High-Tech Profiling. New surveillance tools and data gathering techniques that can assemble detailed information about any person or group create a heightened risk of profiling and discrimination. Clear limitations and robust audit mechanisms are necessary to make sure that if these tools are used it is in a responsible and equitable way.
2. Ensure Fairness in Automated Decisions. Computerized decisionmaking in areas such as employment, health, education, and lending must be judged by its impact on real people, must operate fairly for all communities, and in particular must protect the interests of those that are disadvantaged or that have historically been the subject of discrimination. Systems that are blind to the preexisting disparities faced by such communities can easily reach decisions that reinforce existing inequities. Independent review and other remedies may be necessary to assure that a system works fairly.
3. Preserve Constitutional Principles. Search warrants and other independent oversight of law enforcement are particularly important for communities of color and for religious and ethnic minorities, who often face disproportionate scrutiny. Government databases must not be allowed to undermine core legal protections, including those of privacy and freedom of association.
4. Enhance Individual Control of Personal Information. Personal information that is known to a corporation — such as the moment-to-moment record of a person’s movements or communications — can easily be used by companies and the government against vulnerable populations, including women, the formerly incarcerated, immigrants, religious minorities, the LGBT community, and young people. Individuals should have meaningful, flexible control over how a corporation gathers data from them, and how it uses and shares that data. Non-public information should not be disclosed to the government without judicial process.
5. Protect People from Inaccurate Data. Government and corporate databases must allow everyone — including the urban and rural poor, people with disabilities, seniors, and people who lack access to the Internet — to appropriately ensure the accuracy of personal information that is used to make important decisions about them. This requires disclosure of the underlying data, and the right to correct it when inaccurate.

As an example, consider this Chicago crime risk profiling system. Is it worrying? If so, why; if not, why not?

The previous post was about the failure of the ‘deficiency model’ of communication, which can be caricatured as the idea that people who believe incorrect things just need knowledge pills.

Sometimes, though, information does help. A popular example is that providing information to university students about the actual frequency of binge drinking, drug use, etc, can reduce their perception that ‘everyone is doing it’ and reduce actual risky  behaviour.

So, it’s interesting to see these results from a US survey about same-sex marriage

Regular churchgoers (those who attend at least once or twice a month), particularly those who belong to religious groups that are supportive of same-sex marriage, are likely to over- estimate opposition for same-sex marriage in their churches by 20 percentage points or more.

• „„About 6-in-10 (59%) white mainline Protestants believe their fellow congregants are mostly opposed to same-sex marriage. However, among white mainline Protestants who attend church regularly, only 36% oppose allowing gay and lesbian people to legally marry while a majority (57%) actually favor this policy.
• Roughly three-quarters (73%) of Catholics believe that most of their fellow congregants are opposed to same-sex marriage. However, Catholics who regularly attend church are in fact divided on the issue (50% favor, 45% oppose).

For survey nerds, the sampling methodology and complete questionnaire are also linked from that web page.

From a randomised trial of four different sets of information about vaccine benefits (via Brendan Nyhan)

Parents were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 interventions: (1) information explaining the lack of evidence that MMR causes autism from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; (2) textual information about the dangers of the diseases prevented by MMR from the Vaccine Information Statement; (3) images of children who have diseases prevented by the MMR vaccine; (4) a dramatic narrative about an infant who almost died of measles from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention fact sheet; or to a control group.

In particular, intervention 4 is a popular and sensible idea, and it has occurred to people from Benjamin Franklin to Kiwi parents and the Herald. However:

RESULTS: None of the interventions increased parental intent to vaccinate a future child. Refuting claims of an MMR/autism link successfully reduced misperceptions that vaccines cause autism but nonetheless decreased intent to vaccinate among parents who had the least favorable vaccine attitudes. In addition, images of sick children increased expressed belief in a vaccine/autism link and a dramatic narrative about an infant in danger increased self-reported belief in serious vaccine side effects.

This research is depressing from the point of view of science communication. The problem is that the message goes in two apparently opposite ways.  One conclusion is that increasing trust in science and medicine is the only solution, which would require more public contact and communication, and openness about uncertainty.  The other conclusion is that a public health advertising campaign is a treatment, and like any other treatment it should be evaluated for safety and effectiveness before it’s applied to the population, an approach that seems to imply a reduction in open and unfiltered communication.

I don’t think the contradiction is unavoidable; I think more communication about research process — who are we and what do we actually do — will help, but also that advertising, whether government-funded or pushed by PR departments, is actually dangerous.  If we overstate claims about the biochemical effects of compounds in chocolate, or the number of deaths prevented by lowering the blood alcohol limit, why should we be trusted on important issues?

Hope you all had a wonderful summer! Thank you to everyone who nominated stats in the media during the summer break period. We’ve chosen Tommy Honey’s nomination to win the prize:

Statistic: Food in Guinea, Gambia, Chad and Iran costs people 2 times more than other consumer goods, making those the most expensive countries for citizens to buy food

Source: NZ Herald
Date: 20 January 2014

In this morning’s Herald we are told by Brendan Manning and Patrice Dougan
that “NZ ranks 23rd equal with Israel when it comes to healthy eating.” They provide a link to a report produced by Oxfam: goodenoughtoeatmediabrieffinalversionenglish.pdf

I don’t know where to start….

In spite of the report stating “[the report] is the first of its kind”, the article insists on implying several times that New Zealand’s position has changed (“The cost of food and unhealthy eating habits pushed New Zealand down the list… New Zealand has fallen well behind Australia and most of Europe in a new report ranking the healthiest places to eat in the world…. New Zealand also fell behind the United Kingdom (13), Japan (21) and the United States (21).”).

The article also says of New Zealand, “Ranked on obesity, only 13 countries out of 125 scored worse” yet provides no evidence of this and the report it links to does not have the full (or indeed, any) rankings.

It also says, “Food in Guinea, Gambia, Chad and Iran costs people 2 times more than other consumer goods, making those the most expensive countries for citizens to buy food.” What food? What consumer goods? Yesterday I bought a pie ($4.50) and a battery ($1.50). Therefore, in New Zealand, food costs 3 times more than other consumer goods. The only reference to this in the report is the statement, “the only countries where food is more expensive are Guinea (100 points) and The Gambia (97 points)” and Iran doesn’t get a mention at all.

To be fair to the journalists (although, why should we?) they are simply repeating mistakes from the Oxfam website (http://www.oxfam.org.nz/news/new-zealand-beaten-australia-oxfam-s-new-global-food-table) where it states, “Food in Guinea, The Gambia, Chad and Iran costs people two-and-a-half times more than other consumer goods, making those the most expensive countries for citizens to buy food.”

The only data provided by Oxfam is the report linked to by the Herald, which contains no rankings. The Oxfam statement does claim that “New Zealand also fell behind the United Kingdom (13), Japan (21) and the United States (21)”, and it is perhaps here where the Herald got its information. A pity it repeated it unquestioningly…

Each week, we would like to invite readers of Stats Chat to submit nominations for our Stat of the Week competition and be in with the chance to win an iTunes voucher.

Here’s how it works:

• Anyone may add a comment on this post to nominate their Stat of the Week candidate before midday Friday March 7 2014.
• Statistics can be bad, exemplary or fascinating.
• The statistic must be in the NZ media during the period of March 1 – 7 2014 inclusive.
• Quote the statistic, when and where it was published and tell us why it should be our Stat of the Week.

Next Monday at midday we’ll announce the winner of this week’s Stat of the Week competition, and start a new one.

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Team Ratings for Round 4

The basic method is described on my Department home page. I have made some changes to the methodology this year, including shrinking the ratings between seasons.

My predictions are early this week and may not appear next week unless I can get some internet access while travelling.

Here are the team ratings prior to this week’s games, along with the ratings at the start of the season.

Performance So Far

So far there have been 16 matches played, 8 of which were correctly predicted, a success rate of 50%.

Here are the predictions for last week’s games.

Predictions for Round 4

Here are the predictions for Round 4. The prediction is my estimated expected points difference with a positive margin being a win to the home team, and a negative margin a win to the away team.

Next week I’m visiting Iowa State University, one of the places where the discipline of statistics was invented. It’s going to be cold — the overnight minimum on Sunday is forecast at -25C — because another of the big winter storms is passing through.

The storms this year have been worse than usual. Minneapolis (where they know from cold) is already up to its sixth-highest number of days with the maximum below 0F (-18C, the temperature in your freezer). The Great Lakes have 88% ice cover, more than they have had for twenty years.

Looking at data from NOAA, this winter has been cold overall in the US, very slightly below the average for the past century or so.

However, that’s just the US. For the northern hemisphere as a whole, it’s been an unusually warm winter, well above historical temperatures

This has been your periodic reminder that weather news, for good reasons, gives you a very selective view of global temperature.

• From Tim Harford, Toronto effectively had a randomised trial for countdown walk signals — what do they do for accidents?
• From Mathbabe It would be idiotic for someone with the intention of being discriminatory to do so outright. It’s much easier to embed such a thing in an opaque model where it will seem unintentional and will probably never be discovered at all.

  But how is an investigative journalist going to even approach that?

• From Matthew Ericson of the New York Times: “When maps shouldn’t be maps”
• From Max Fisher at the Washington Post, a look at the problems of interpreting changes in rankings